Subject-less sentences

C1 · Advanced · Mastery

The rule

Es graut mir; Mir ist kalt.

How it works

Some German sentences have a dative as the experiencer and no nominative subject: Mir ist kalt (I am cold), Mir geht es gut (I am well), Es graut mir (I am scared). The dative pronoun comes first, and the verb is usually sein or a verb of feeling. These constructions are essential for talking about sensations and states.

When to use it

Use impersonal constructions such as Mir ist kalt (I am cold) and Es graut mir (I am scared), where the dative is the experiencer.

Use cases

Examples

Common mistake

Using ich as the subject: "Ich ist kalt" is wrong; "Mir ist kalt" is right.

Memory tip

Feelings and sensations often use a dative: Mir ist, Mir geht es gut.

Related grammar topics

All grammar topics · C1 grammar